Total and Methylmercury in Soft Tissues of White-Tailed Eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla) and Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) Collected in Poland

Mercury (Hg) contamination in piscivorous birds, especially methylmercury (MeHg), has been drawing much attention worldwide in regard to its bioaccumulation and biomagnification in food chains. In this study on Hg in the soft tissues of white-tailed eagles (n = 22) and ospreys (n = 2) from Poland, total Hg (THg) range was 0.15–47.6 while MeHg range was 0.11–8.05 mg kg⁻¹ dry weight. In both species, median THg and MeHg concentrations were lower in the muscle and brain than in the liver and kidney. Median nephric residues were just under 3 and 5 mgTHg kg⁻¹ or 0.9 and 3.7 mgMeHg kg⁻¹ for white-tailed eagle and osprey, respectively. In Norwegian data from the 1970s and in our results, MeHg in the muscle of white-tailed eagle was ~60 % THg (%MeHg = MeHg/THg × 100), lower than in other piscivorous birds. A clear similarity in THg tissue levels was found between Polish and German populations of white-tailed eagles.     

甲苯对UASB反应器中溶解性微生物产物的影响

以乙酸钠为外加碳源,考察了UASB反应器内甲苯对可溶性微生物产物（SMP）的影响。实验结果表明：低质量浓度（20~70 mg/L）的甲苯对微生物有刺激作用,使得污泥增殖速率变小,SMP的质量浓度也逐渐减少,经过一段时间的驯化后,系统COD和TOC的去除率分别达到93%和94%以上,下降趋势较小；较高质量浓度（70~200 mg/L）的甲苯对微生物有抑制作用,污泥活性下降,反应器运行状况开始恶化,SMP的质量浓度也逐渐增大,经过一段时间的驯化后,系统COD和TOC的去除率分别维持在81%和83%以上；当甲苯质量浓度超过200 mg/L时,表现为污泥活性严重下降,对COD的去除效果极差。     

水体中常见无机阳离子对TiO2薄膜光催化还原Cr（Ⅵ）的影响

选择了6种水体中常见的阳离子（Na^＋、Mg^2＋、Ca^2＋、Al^3＋、Cu^2＋、Ni^2＋）,分别考查了其对TiO2薄膜光催化还原Cr（Ⅵ）的影响;从光吸收、无机离子本身的性质对光生电子的捕获及传递等讨论了上述离子影响TiO2薄膜光催化还原Cr（Ⅵ）的反应速率的原因。结果表明：由于其不能捕获光生电子,Na^＋、Mg^2＋、Ca^2＋本身对TiO2薄膜光催化还原Cr（Ⅵ）的反应速率影响不大;Al^3＋吸引电子能力较强,成为光生电子和Cr（Ⅵ）之间的桥梁,促进了Cr（Ⅵ）的还原;浓度为1 mmmol/L时,Cu^2＋显著地促进了Cr（Ⅵ）的光催化还原,其主要原因是Cu^2＋捕获光生电子的能力很强,起到了催化剂的作用,而浓度大于10 mmol/L时,Cu^2＋形成单质Cu以及对紫外光的吸收都使促进作用降低;Ni^2＋未充满的d轨道具有获得并传递光生电子的能力,也促进了Cr（Ⅵ）的还原;在浓度同为1mmol/L时,对Cr（Ⅵ）光催化还原的促进作用依次为：Cu^2＋〉Al^3＋〉Ni^2＋〉Na^＋、Ca^2＋、Mg^2＋。     

Factors Influencing Prymnesium parvum Population Dynamics During Bloom Initiation: Results from In-lake Mesocosm Experiments1

Roelke, Daniel L., Leslie Schwierzke, Bryan W. Brooks, James P. Grover, Reagan M. Errera, Theodore W. Valenti, Jr., and James L. Pinckney, 2010. Factors Influencing Prymnesium parvum Population Dynamics During Bloom Initiation: Results from In-Lake Mesocosm Experiments. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(1):76-91. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2009.00392.x Abstract: The alga Prymnesium parvum forms large fish-killing blooms in many Texas lakes. In some of these lakes, however, P. parvum occurs but does not develop blooms. In this study, we investigated factors that may influence bloom initiation by conducting a series of in-lake experiments involving mixing of waters from Lake Whitney, which has a history of P. parvum blooms, with waters from Lake Waco where no blooms have occurred. In all experiments, the addition of Lake Waco waters resulted in a poorer performance of P. parvum. Various experimental treatments and field data show that differences in grazing, pathogens, nutrients, and salts between the two lakes were not likely factors that contributed to this observation. Industrial and agricultural contaminants, allelochemicals and algicidal chemicals were not measured as a part of this research. However, anthropogenic contaminants other than nutrients were not observed at levels exceeding water quality standards in Lake Waco in recent years. On the other hand, nuisance cyanobacteria are common in Lake Waco, where Microcystis sp. and Anabaena sp. were abundant during the initiation of our experiments, both taxa are known to produce chemicals with allelopathic properties. In addition, the emergent field of algal-heterotrophic bacteria interactions suggests that chemicals produced by heterotrophic bacteria should not be overlooked. Further research focusing on the chemical interactions between cyanobacteria and P. parvum, as well as the potential role of algicidal bacteria, in the initiation of P. parvum blooms is necessary, as it may be important to the management of these blooms.     

膜生物反应器中溶解性微生物产物特性的研究进展

溶解性微生物产物是制约生物处理出水达标和回用的主要污染物，处理工艺和操作条件的不同可能造成其特性差异。阐述了溶解性微生物产物的定义和产生机制，对膜生物反应器中溶解性微生物产物的组成、分子质量分布、亲水／疏水性、螯合性和毒性进行了概述，分析了影响其产生、特性和去除的因素。由于膜的截留作用使溶解性微生物产物在膜生物反应器中积累，容易引起膜污染。可以通过优化操作条件，减少溶解性微生物产物的产生，提高出水水质，有效地抑制膜污染。     

陕北黄土丘陵区不同土地利用方式下土壤碳剖面分布特征

黄土高原土层深厚,土壤剖面碳存储受土地利用方式影响明显.为探讨不同土地利用方式对深层土壤碳分布的影响,研究了人工经济林地(陕北米脂)、退耕还林地(神木)和防风固沙林地(榆林榆阳区)0~20.0 m土壤有机碳(SOC)和无机碳(SIC)的分布特征和差异.结果表明,在不同土地利用方式下SOC含量:矮化枣树(2.00 g·kg~(-1))未矮化枣树(1.54 g·kg~(-1))柠条林(0.97 g·kg~(-1))退化人工草地(0.81 g·kg~(-1))樟子松林(0.70 g·kg~(-1))荒草地(0.45 g·kg~(-1)),且各剖面之间SOC含量存在显著性差异(P0.05).在不同土地利用方式下SIC含量:矮化枣树(11.66 g·kg~(-1))≥未矮化枣树(11.59g·kg~(-1))柠条林(9.62 g·kg~(-1))退化人工草地(8.07 g·kg~(-1))樟子松林(4.32 g·kg~(-1))荒草地(0.47 g·kg~(-1));人工经济林和退耕还林(草)样地内所有土壤剖面之间SIC含量无显著性差异;人工经济林、退耕还林(草)剖面和防风固沙林地剖面SIC含量存在显著性差异(P0.05).矮化枣树、未矮化枣树、柠条林、退化人工草地、樟子松林和荒草地土壤剖面无机碳密度分别是有机碳密度的6.19、7.71、10.80、10.78、5.91和1.03倍.综上可见,不同土地利用方式之间土壤碳储量存在明显差异,无机碳的含量远高于有机碳.     

青岛不同强度霾天气溶胶中二次无机离子的生成及粒径分布

于2015年9月至2016年2月在青岛近海连续收集了大气气溶胶分级样品,用离子色谱法分析了其中的水溶性无机离子组分,并讨论了不同强度霾天下气溶胶中二次无机组分的粒径分布,初步探索了霾天SNA的形成过程和影响因素.结果表明,气溶胶中NO_3~-、SO_4~(2-)、NH_4~+、NO_2~-和Cl~-的质量浓度变化范围分别是10.32~193.46、4.42~74.05、2.21~57.75、0.05~2.22和1.35~17.39μg·m~(-3),且SNA的质量浓度随霾污染程度的加剧明显增加.与非霾天相比,轻微、轻度、中度和重度霾天与非霾天相比,NO_3~-的质量浓度分别增加了55%、77%、240%和537%;SO_4~(2-)的质量浓度分别增加了4.7%、35%、77%和262%;NH_4~+的质量浓度分别增加了72%、83%、201%和526%.细粒径上的NO_3~-、SO_4~(2-)与其气态前体物NO_2、SO_2均有显著相关性,且与相对湿度、能见度、风速等气象条件相关性较好,说明细粒径SNA的生成是造成霾天能见度下降,形成空气污染的主要原因之一,同时,高浓度前体物、较大相对湿度、低风速都是影响霾天形成的重要因素.除轻微霾天外,其他不同强度霾天的SOR(硫氧化率)、NOR(氮氧化率)均大于非霾天,且随着霾程度的加剧,SOR、NOR都有明显的升高,尤其是0.43~0.65μm和0.65~1.1μm粒径段;在重度霾天,氮和硫的转化率平均为非霾天的1.5倍,说明细粒径上的硫酸盐和硝酸盐大部分是气-粒转化而来.NO_3~-、NH_4~+、NO_2~-和SO_4~(2-)主要存在于细粒径段,霾天下在细粒径上的比例都显著增大,NO_3~-和SO_4~(2-)在严重霾天所占比例最高,分别达到79.4%和74.4%.NO_3~-在非霾、轻微、轻度霾天时均呈双峰分布,峰值出现在0.43~0.65μm和3.3~4.7μm处,中度霾天时细粒子峰值移动到0.65~1.1μm,在重度霾天粒径分布变为0.65~1.1μm的单峰分布.SO_4~(2-)只在非霾条件下呈双峰分布,峰值出现在0.43~0.65μm和2.1~3.3μm粒径段,霾天下均是单峰分布,轻微和轻度霾天下峰值出现在0.43~0.65μm,中度和重度霾天下峰值在0.65~1.1μm处.NH_4~+呈单峰分布,在非霾和轻微霾天下峰值出现在0.43~0.65μm粒径段,轻度、中度和重度霾天下峰值均出现在0.65~1.1μm粒径段.     

Quantum chemical investigation on photodegradation mechanisms of sulfamethoxypyridazine with dissolved inorganic matter and hydroxyl radical

Sulfamethoxypyridazine(SMP) is one of the commonly used sulfonamide antibiotics(SAs).SAs are mainly studied to undergo triplet-sensitized photodegradation in water under natural sunlight with other coexisting aquatic environmental organic pollutants.In this work,SMP was selected as a representative of SAs.We studied the mechanisms of triplet-sensitized photodegradation of SMP and the influence of selected dissolved inorganic matter,i.e.,anions(Br~-,Cl~-,and NO~-_3) and cations ions(Ca~(2+),Mg~(2+),and Zn~(2+)) on SMP photodegradation mechanism by quantum chemical methods.In addition,the degradation mechanisms of SMP by hydroxyl radical(OH·) were also investigated.The creation of SO_2 extrusion product was accessed with two different energy pathways(pathway-1 and pathway-2) by following two steps(step-I and step-II) in the tripletsensitized photodegradation of SMP.Due to low activation energy,the pathway-1 was considered as the main pathway to obtain SO_2 extrusion product.Step-II of pathway-1 was measured to be the rate-limiting step(RLS) of SMP photodegradation mechanism and the effect of the selected anions and cations was estimated for this step.All selected anions and cations promoted photodegradation of SMP by dropping the activation energy of pathway-1.The estimated low activation energies of different degradation pathways of SMP with OH·radical indicate that OH·radical is a very powerful oxidizing agent for SMP degradation via attack through benzene derivative and pyridazine derivative ring.     

外源钙盐对盐胁迫下沙拐枣渗透调节和膜脂过氧化的影响

为了解外源钙对缓解沙拐枣（Calligonum mongolicum）盐胁迫的主要生理机制,采用盆栽法探究在0、100、200 mmol/L的NaCl胁迫下,分别添加5、10、15和20 mmol/L的Ca（NO₃）₂对沙拐枣同化枝中w（脯氨酸）、丙二醛含量、w（可溶性蛋白）、w（可溶性糖）的影响.结果表明,单独添加Ca（NO₃）₂使沙拐枣同化枝内w（脯氨酸）、丙二醛含量、w（可溶性蛋白）以及w（可溶性糖）增加,即Ca（NO₃）₂对沙拐枣的生长造成了胁迫.对w（脯氨酸）、丙二醛含量、w（可溶性蛋白）、w（可溶性糖）来说,NaCl和Ca（NO₃）₂之间均存在极显著的交互作用,与对照相比,在c（NaCl）分别为100、200 mmol/L,添加c[Ca（NO₃）₂]为10、20 mmol/L时,w（脯氨酸）显著增加,分别达到最大值（736.7、1 086.3 μg/g）;丙二醛含量分别降低了37.8%和40.5%,w（可溶性蛋白）以及w（可溶性糖）均增加.总之,适宜浓度的钙盐通过增加渗透物质w（脯氨酸）、w（可溶性蛋白）及w（可溶性糖）,降低丙二醛的含量来有效缓解盐胁迫对沙拐枣幼苗产生的伤害,当c（NaCl）/c[Ca（NO₃）₂]为10:1时,缓解作用最佳,并且钙盐对沙拐枣盐胁迫的缓解属于抗性诱导的调节作用.      

天山乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川区气溶胶水溶性离子变化特征及来源分析

基于2007年4、8和10月这3个时段不同季节的野外考察取样和实验室分析测试,探讨了天山乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川区气溶胶样品中水溶性离子成分的浓度组成、变化特征及其可能来源.结果表明,气溶胶水溶性离子平均浓度为2.76μg·m-3,化学组成以Ca2+、NO-3和SO2-4为主.Ca2+、SO2-4、NH+4、Na+、Mg2+、Cl-在春、夏、秋这3个季节的变化趋势与总离子浓度的变化趋势一致,均为夏季最高、秋季次之、春季最低,而K+与NO-3却呈现出秋季最高、夏季和春季浓度次之的季节变化特征.分析认为,气溶胶中Ca2+、Na+、Mg2+、K+和Cl-主要可能来自陆源矿物;而NO-3和NH+4则很大程度上以人为源为主.并且发现,SO2-4可能同时受陆地源与人类活动来源的影响.